Radiographic imaging techniques

X-ray analysis

X-ray imagingreveals what the eye cannot see, without altering the works. CIRAMsupports you in their study and conservation.

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X-ray imaging of an art object revealing its internal structure

X-ray imaging,
a key tool for art analysis

Many heritage objects contain elements invisible to the naked eye: internal cracks, hidden structures, undocumented restorations, or complex manufacturing techniques. Like optical imaging, X-ray imaging allows their detection without contact or sampling.

Whether it is to authenticate a work of art, or to assess the condition of an ancient artifact, this method offers an in-depth reading to guide decisions related to conservation, expertise, restoration, or enhancement.

Calling on CIRAM means benefiting from personalized scientific support, adapted to the heritage and commercial stakes of each project.

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A non-destructive analysis method for heritage conservation

Radiographic imaging relies on a simple principle: X-rays pass through matter and are absorbed differently depending on the density and composition of the materials. This contrast reveals internal information invisible on the surface.

Unlike invasive methods, X-ray radiography:

  • Does not damage objects,
  • No sampling required,
  • Works on all types of materials: stone, metal, wood, terracotta, canvas...

This method is particularly suitable for rare or fragile works, ancient artifacts, and any object whose integrity must be respected. It is intended for museums, private collections, and archaeological excavation sites alike.

Thanks to fixed laboratory equipment or portable equipment for on-site interventions, CIRAM guarantees examinations adapted to each context, while respecting conservation and handling constraints.

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The main X-ray imaging techniques

01 - X-ray radiography

The X-ray radiograph provides a 2D image of an object's internal structure. It allows for:

  • Identify invisible restoration zones,
  • Detect heterogeneous elements or inclusions (nails, fittings, modern additions...),
  • Observing the pictorial layers of a painting,
  • Analyze the structure of a sculpture, particularly in terracotta, stone, or metal.

CIRAM uses high-precision radiography systems, available in portable or laboratory versions. This allows for great flexibility of intervention: on-site (museum, gallery, archaeological site) or under controlled laboratory conditions.

02 - CT scan or computed tomography

The CT scan (or computed tomography)is a 3D imaging technique based on radiography. It allows for a detailed volumetric exploration of the interior of an object, thanks to successive digitally reconstructed slices.

In the art market, the CT scan is an advanced authentication tool, particularly for sculptures:

  • Authentication of terracotta sculptures, in addition to thermoluminescence dating,
  • Examination of the internal content of complex objects, such as fetishes.

In archaeology, it allows to:

  • Perform virtual excavations of objects encased in a matrix,
  • Assess the fragility of artifacts before handling,

The CT scan offers complete and non-invasive 3D modeling, but requires a laboratory visit (non-portable technology).

CIRAM, expert in radiographic imaging

Since 2005, CIRAM has been assisting heritage professionals in the analysis and conservation of ancient works and objects. Its multidisciplinary team – physicists, archaeologists, engineers – employs cutting-edge technologies to respond to each project with precision, scientific rigor, and adaptability.

Whether you need to analyze ancient mortars, date an ancient artwork, or scan a funerary urn, CIRAM selects the most relevant imaging method (X-ray or CT scan), and works in the laboratory or on-site, as needed.

Each analysis is accompanied by interpretable visuals (X-ray images, films, or 3D models), a detailed report, and recommendations tailored to your challenges: conservation, attribution, restoration, enhancement.

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Are you asking yourself these questions?

What types of objects can be analyzed by X-ray imaging?

Paintings, sculptures, archaeological objects, metal artifacts, sealed objects... Most materials can be studied.

Do these techniques damage the works?

No, the techniques used by CIRAM are non-destructive and respect the physical integrity of the objects.

What's the difference between X-rays and CT scans?

Conventional X-rays provide a flat image, while CT scans allow 3D modeling, providing a finer reading.

Is it possible to carry out an X-ray analysis on site?

Yes, CIRAM offers portable equipment for on-site analysis, in museums or on excavation sites.

How long does an analysis take?

This depends on the complexity of the object. An X-ray can be completed in a few hours, while a CT scan requires a longer processing time.

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