Radiographic imaging techniques

X-ray analysis

X-ray imaging reveals what the eye cannot see, without altering the artwork. CIRAM can help you study and conserve them.

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X-ray imaging of an art object revealing its internal structure

X-ray imaging,
a key tool for art analysis

Many heritage objects contain elements invisible to the naked eye: internal cracks, hidden structures, undocumented restorations or complex manufacturing techniques. Just as optical imagingX-ray imaging can detect them without contact or sampling.

Whether you need toauthenticating a work of artor assessing the state of conservation of an ancient artifact, this method offers an in-depth reading to guide decisions related to conservation, expertise, restoration or enhancement.

When you call on CIRAM, you benefit from personalized scientific support tailored to the heritage and commercial challenges of each project.

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A non-destructive analysis method for heritage conservation

X-ray imaging is based on a simple principle: X-rays penetrate matter and are absorbed differently depending on the density and composition of the material. This contrast reveals internal information invisible on the surface.

Unlike invasive methods, X-ray radiography:

  • Does not damage objects,
  • No sampling required,
  • Works on all types of materials: stone, metal, wood, terracotta, canvas...

This method is particularly well-suited to rare or fragile works, ancient artifacts, and any object whose integrity must be respected. It is equally suited to museums, private collections and archaeological digs.

Thanks to fixed laboratory equipment or portable equipment for on-site interventions, CIRAM guarantees examinations adapted to each context, while respecting conservation and handling constraints.

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The main X-ray imaging techniques

01 - X-ray radiography

X-rays provide a 2D image of an object's internal structure. It can be used to :

  • Identify invisible restoration zones,
  • Detect heterogeneous elements or inclusions (nails, fixtures, modern additions, etc.),
  • Observe the pictorial layers of a painting,
  • Analyze the structure of a sculpture, particularly in terracotta, stone or metal.

CIRAM uses high-precision radiography systems, available in both portable and laboratory versions. This allows for great flexibility of intervention: on site (museum, gallery, archaeological site) or under controlled laboratory conditions.

02 - CT scan or computed tomography

CT scan is a 3D imaging technique based on radiography. It enables detailed volumetric exploration of an object's interior, thanks to successive digitally reconstructed slices.

In the art market CT scanning is an advanced authentication tool, particularly for sculptures:

  • Authentication of terracotta sculptures, in addition to thermoluminescence dating,
  • Examination of the internal content of complex objects, such as fetishes.

At archaeologyit can be used to :

  • Virtual excavation of objects encapsulated in a gangue,
  • Assess the fragility of artifacts before handling,

CT scans offer complete, non-invasive 3D modeling, but require a laboratory visit (non-portable technology).

CIRAM, expert in radiographic imaging

Since 2005, CIRAM has been supporting heritage professionals in the analysis and conservation of ancient works and objects. Our multi-disciplinary team - physicists, archaeologists, engineers - mobilizes cutting-edge technologies to respond to each project with precision, scientific rigor and adaptability.

Whether you need toanalyze old mortarsto date an old work or scan scan a cinerary urnCIRAM selects the imaging method (X-ray or CT scan), and intervenes in the laboratory or on site, as required.

Each analysis is accompanied by interpretable visuals (X-ray images, films or 3D models), a detailed report, and recommendations tailored to your needs: conservation, attribution, restoration, enhancement.

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Are you asking yourself these questions?

What types of objects can be analyzed by X-ray imaging?

Paintings, sculptures, archaeological objects, metal artifacts, sealed objects... Most materials can be studied.

Do these techniques damage the works?

No, the techniques used by CIRAM are non-destructive and respect the physical integrity of the objects.

What's the difference between X-rays and CT scans?

Conventional X-rays provide a flat image, while CT scans allow 3D modeling, providing a finer reading.

Is it possible to carry out an X-ray analysis on site?

Yes, CIRAM offers portable equipment for on-site analysis, in museums or on excavation sites.

How long does an analysis take?

This depends on the complexity of the object. An X-ray can be completed in a few hours, while a CT scan requires a longer processing time.

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